Criteria

Financial Accounting

Managerial Accounting

Purpose

Financial Accounting’s primary purpose is to provide accurate and reliable financial information about the business to external stakeholders such as investors, creditors, and regulatory bodies.

Managerial Accounting aims to provide relevant financial information and performance reports to internal management for effective decision-making, strategic planning, and performance evaluation purposes.

Definition

Financial Accounting involves the systematic recording, summarizing, and reporting of an organization’s financial transactions and events in compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Managerial Accounting is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting financial data to aid internal management in making informed decisions and formulating business strategies.

Focus

Financial Accounting emphasizes the past financial performance of the organization, presenting a summary of financial transactions over a specific period, typically a fiscal year.

Managerial Accounting concentrates on future-oriented data, focusing on budgeting, forecasting, and cost analysis to assist in managerial decision-making and long-term planning.

Users

External parties like investors, shareholders, creditors, and government authorities rely on financial statements to assess the organization’s financial health and performance.

Internal management, including executives, managers, and department heads, use managerial reports to evaluate departmental performance, identify areas for improvement, and make data-driven decisions.

Reporting Standards

It adheres to strict reporting standards set by regulatory bodies, ensuring compliance and standardization in financial reporting.

Managerial Accounting does not have specific regulatory standards; reports can be customized based on management’s needs and preferences.

Frequency

Financial statements are usually prepared annually, though some companies may also publish quarterly financial reports for public access.

Managerial reports are generated as often as required by management, whether monthly, quarterly, or even daily, depending on the organization’s needs.

Types of Reports

It generates essential reports such as Income Statements, Balance Sheets, Cash Flow Statements, and Statements of Changes in Equity, providing an overview of the organization’s financial position and performance.

Managerial Accounting produces various performance-related reports, including Budgets, Forecasts, Cost Reports, Variance Analysis, and other reports tailored to specific managerial needs.

Time Span

It focuses on historical data over a specific period, such as one fiscal year, to assess past financial performance.

Managerial Accounting may cover both historical data and future projections for different periods, enabling managers to plan and strategize effectively for short-term and long-term goals.

External Audit

Financial statements are subject to external audit by independent auditors to ensure accuracy and transparency in financial reporting.

Managerial reports are primarily used internally and do not typically undergo external audits, as they are tailored to suit internal decision-making processes.

Confidentiality

Financial information generated through financial accounting is made public and accessible to stakeholders and investors.

Managerial accounting information is kept confidential and shared only with relevant management personnel, protecting sensitive business data.

Legal Requirements

Businesses are legally obligated to maintain accurate financial records as per accounting standards for tax and regulatory purposes.

Managerial Accounting reports are not subject to external legal requirements but are vital for internal control and improving organizational efficiency.

Compliance

It is focused on compliance with accounting standards and regulations to ensure financial transparency and accountability.

Managerial Accounting is geared towards enhancing operational efficiency, optimizing resource allocation, and improving decision-making processes within the organization.